Endocrine Abstracts

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The physiological effects of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) are of great interest because of their potential clinical relevance. GLP-1 is secreted by the L-cells of the distal ileum and colon in response to nutrient ingestion. It acts as an incretin hormone and augments glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the pancreas. The use of GLP-1 agonists for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) is well established. However, GLP-1 has several other physiological functions. It acts ...

Background: Hypoglycaemia in Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes is associated with long-term cognitive dysfunction. We have previously demonstrated that recurrent hypoglycaemia (RH) in a rodent model of T1D induces oxidative stress and inflammation in the hippocampus, associated with impaired cognitive function. This study sought to investigate whether pre-treatment with a potent inducer of the antioxidant response would ameliorate these cognitive deficits.<p class=...

Introduction: Macrohormones are complexes of monomeric hormone molecules with IgG leading to formation of macrocomplexes. They are usually immunoreactive, but biologically inactive. The higher molecular weight results in reduced renal clearance and therefore accumulation in the blood. We present two cases of unusual macrohormones.Case 1: A 55-year-old male had his thyroid function checked as part of investigation for chest pain, and was started on thyrox...

Thyroid hormone is absolutely necessary for early brain development.Incidence of thyroid disorders in infancy is 1:4,000.Thyroid hormones can be deficient through hormone synthesis and action or very rarely through defective transport. Some new and exciting transporters for tri-iodothyronine (T3) have recently come to light.MCT 8 gene encodes the protein that transports T3 into neurons. Its mutation result in inability of T3 to enter a developi...

INTRODUCTION:Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most important problems which has greater health care impact in Spain. It is concluded from the DCCT study on DM1 and UKPDS in DM2 that control of HbA1c levels is essential to reduce chronic complications. Guidelines suggest maintaining HbA1c levels below 7%.PATIENTS AND METHODS:Design: Epidemiological, longitudinal, prospective and multicenter study in Spain, with two cohorts, DM1 (n=40...

Clinical insulin resistance, concomitant with higher circulating insulin, is implicated in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in which there is abnormal lipid metabolism with changes in ovarian hormone production. SREBPs are key transcriptional regulators of lipid biosynthesis and therefore may be involved in changes occurring in PCOS. We have examined whether insulin and gonadotrophin regulate SREBPs.Local ethical approval was granted ...

Background: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare complex genetic disease. Nutritional needs vary depending on life stage, ranging from growth faltering in infancy to obesity from late childhood. Dietetic care is a main pillar of the multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach for PWS management. National Children Hospital (NCH) is the main national centre for PWS in Ireland, with 47 children attending. We sought to explore growth and nutritional status in children with PWS.<p c...

Introduction: Type two diabetes is characterized by a chronic metabolic state (obesity, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia) and insulin resistance. There is insufficient pancreatic insulin production and ineffective use of the produced insulin resulting in abnormally high blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia). Metabolic syndrome and diabetes are associated with increased cardiovascular risk, reduced life expectancy and a reduction in quality of life. Glucagon-like peptide 1...

Background: Since it has been shown that markers of oxidative stress persist in endothelial cells that have been exposed for a prolonged time to chronic constant high glucose levels, long after glucose normalization, a phenomenon defined as ‘metabolic memory’, evaluation of chronic exposure to oscillating high glucose, its impact on the induction of cellular stress markers and the onset of a ‘metabolic memory’ might be of pivotal interest. In doing so we al...